PhenoAge and KDM: How to calculate your biological age from blood tests

Ever looked at your blood test results thinking: “Okay, everything’s in the normal range… but how fast am I actually aging?”

Those numbers your doctor checks once a year — albumin, creatinine, white blood cells — hide information that traditional medicine almost completely ignores: your real biological age. Not sure of the difference between biological and chronological age? Our biological age vs chronological age explainer covers the concept, the science, and all major measurement methods. To understand the underlying biology of why these markers predict aging so well, our guide to aging mechanisms and the 12 hallmarks provides the essential context.

Two algorithms developed by researchers at Yale and Duke transform a routine blood panel into an indicator of how fast your body is aging. They’re called PhenoAge and KDM (Klemera-Doubal Method), and in this article, we’ll explain exactly how they work, which biomarkers they use, and what you can do to improve every single value.

What you’ll learn:

• What is PhenoAge and how does it work?
• The 9 PhenoAge biomarkers and how to read them
• The KDM method: the alternative to PhenoAge
• PhenoAge vs KDM: which should you use?
• How to improve each biomarker
• SuperAge 3.2: blood tests on your iPhone
• FAQ

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What is PhenoAge?

PhenoAge (Phenotypic Age) is an algorithm developed in 2018 by biologist Morgan Levine and colleagues at Yale School of Medicine. Published in Aging, it has become one of the most widely used methods in the world for estimating biological age. For a complete comparison of all epigenetic and blood-based aging algorithms — including Horvath, GrimAge, and DunedinPACE — see our deep dive on epigenetic clocks.

For the higher-level method choice, our epigenetic clock vs blood biomarker age guide compares molecular depth, repeatability, and actionability without ranking commercial tests.

Quick definition: PhenoAge is an algorithm that calculates your biological age from 9 biomarkers obtainable from a standard blood test, plus your chronological age. It predicts mortality and disease risk better than chronological age alone.

How it was created

Levine analyzed data from over 11,000 adults in the NHANES III database (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) to identify which blood parameters best predicted mortality over the following 10 years.

The result: a combination of 9 clinical biomarkers that, together with chronological age, provides an estimate of phenotypic age — that is, how old your body “acts” in terms of health risk.

What PhenoAge tells us

• PhenoAge < chronological age → Your body is aging slower than average. Good news.
• PhenoAge = chronological age → Average for your age.
• PhenoAge > chronological age → Your body is aging faster. Warning signal.

The difference between PhenoAge and chronological age is called PhenoAgeAccel (PhenoAge Acceleration). A positive PhenoAgeAccel of +5 years means your biological body is 5 years “older” than it should be. For population-level benchmarks on what gap is typical — and what is exceptional — in your 40s, 50s, and 60s, see our guide on good biological age by decade.

Why PhenoAge matters

Studies show that PhenoAge predicts:

• All-cause mortality — more accurately than chronological age (Levine et al., 2018)
• Cardiovascular risk — heart attack, stroke, heart failure
• Cancer risk — particularly after age 50
• Cognitive decline — associated with accelerated brain aging
• Remaining life expectancy — elevated PhenoAge at 40 predicts premature mortality at 60-70

2025–2026 validation: PhenoAge confirmed in million-scale cohorts

In the two years since publication, PhenoAge has been validated in some of the largest aging-research datasets in the world — confirming and refining the original 2018 findings.

• UK Biobank cancer cohort, 374,463 participants (eLife, 2025). Each 5-year increase in PhenoAge was associated with a 15% higher cancer risk. Crucially, the combination of high genetic risk + accelerated PhenoAge produced roughly doubled cancer incidence (HR 2.29 in men, 1.94 in women) compared to biologically younger participants with low genetic risk. Biologically older individuals reached the 2% five-year cancer-risk threshold approximately 2 years earlier than their younger-aged peers — a concrete argument for earlier screening based on biology rather than birthday.
• Cancer survivors NHANES, 1,493 cases + 4,479 controls (Frontiers in Aging, 2026). PhenoAge acceleration was independently associated with all-cause mortality (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.03–1.06). Mediation analysis revealed that biological aging explained 24.1% of cancer-specific mortality in cancer survivors — making it one of the strongest single mediators of the survivorship-mortality gap.
• Cardiovascular risk prediction, UK Biobank (Scientific Reports, 2025). Positive PhenoAge acceleration improved 10-year CVD risk prediction beyond chronological age alone, with researchers proposing PhenoAge as an adjunct to existing tools like SCORE2.
• Modified PA-CRP variant (2025 Chinese cohort, n = 4,295). A modified PhenoAge that drops C-reactive protein retains predictive power for biological age and mortality — useful for cohorts where hs-CRP is not routinely measured.

The pattern is clear: PhenoAge generalizes beyond the original NHANES training data, works across continents and populations, and integrates well with both genetic risk scores and lifestyle factors.

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The 9 PhenoAge Biomarkers

Here are the 9 parameters that make up the PhenoAge formula. Most of them are found in your last complete blood count (CBC) + basic metabolic panel.

#	Biomarker	Abbr	What it measures	Optimal range
1	Albumin	ALB	Liver function and nutritional status	4.0-5.0 g/dL
2	Creatinine	CREA	Kidney function	0.7-1.2 mg/dL
3	Glucose	GLU	Sugar metabolism	70-100 mg/dL
4	C-reactive protein	hs-CRP	Systemic inflammation	< 1.0 mg/L
5	Lymphocyte percentage	LYM%	Immune function	20-40%
6	Mean corpuscular volume	MCV	Red blood cell size	80-100 fL
7	Red cell distribution width	RDW	Red blood cell variability	11.5-14.5%
8	Alkaline phosphatase	ALP	Liver and bone function	44-147 U/L
9	White blood cells	WBC	Total immune system	4.5-11.0 × 10³/µL

Biomarker by biomarker: what they mean for aging

1. Albumin — the protector

Albumin is the most abundant protein in blood. High levels (within range) are associated with slower aging. In the PhenoAge formula, more albumin = younger.

• Why it ages: Hepatic albumin production decreases with age
• Warning signal: Values below 3.5 g/dL are associated with significantly higher mortality
• PhenoAge factor: Albumin is the only biomarker where a HIGHER value lowers PhenoAge

2. Creatinine — the kidney filter

Produced by muscle metabolism and filtered by the kidneys. Elevated values may indicate compromised kidney function.

• Why it ages: Kidneys lose about 1% of filtering capacity per year after age 30
• Warning signal: Values above 1.3 mg/dL should be investigated further
• Note: Slightly higher values may be normal in very muscular individuals

3. Glucose — the fuel

Fasting blood sugar is a key metabolic indicator. Chronically elevated values accelerate aging through glycation — a process where sugar binds to proteins, damaging them.

• Why it ages: Protein glycation contributes to wrinkles, vascular stiffness, and cognitive decline
• Ideal range for longevity: 72-90 mg/dL (lower than the “normal” lab range)
• Warning signal: Above 100 mg/dL = prediabetes; above 126 = diabetes

4. C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) — the firefighter

CRP is the most studied inflammation marker in the world. Chronic low-grade inflammation (called “inflammaging”) is considered one of the pillars of biological aging.

• Why it ages: Chronic inflammation damages DNA, cells, and tissues every day
• Ideal range for longevity: < 0.5 mg/L
• Warning signal: Above 3.0 mg/L is associated with elevated cardiovascular risk
• Caution: A single high value may be due to a recent infection, not chronic inflammation

5. Lymphocyte percentage — the sentries

Lymphocytes are the soldiers of the adaptive immune system. A percentage that’s too low indicates immunosenescence — aging of the immune system.

• Why it ages: The thymus (the “factory” for T lymphocytes) progressively atrophies after puberty
• Ideal range: 25-35%
• Warning signal: Below 20% may indicate immunodeficiency or chronic stress

6. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) — red blood cell size

MCV measures the average size of red blood cells. High values (macrocytosis) are associated with accelerated aging.

• Why it ages: Elevated MCV may indicate B12/folate deficiencies, liver problems, or alcoholism
• Ideal range for longevity: 82-92 fL (the low-to-mid part of the range)
• Warning signal: Above 100 fL requires investigation

7. Red cell distribution width (RDW) — uniformity

RDW measures how uniform your red blood cells are. The more “different” they are from each other, the worse. Elevated RDW is one of the most underrated mortality predictors in medicine.

• Why it ages: High RDW reflects oxidative stress, inflammation, and inefficient bone marrow production
• Ideal range for longevity: 11.8-13.0%
• Key study: A 1% increase in RDW is associated with a 14% increase in mortality risk (Salvagno et al., 2015)

8. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) — the signaler

An enzyme present in liver, bones, and intestines. Elevated values may indicate liver problems, bone issues, or intestinal inflammation.

• Why it ages: Elevated ALP is associated with vascular calcification and cardiovascular mortality — one dimension of the broader vascular aging process that PhenoAge captures through its blood biomarkers
• Ideal range for longevity: 50-100 U/L
• Note: Slightly elevated values may be normal during growth, menopause, or after fractures

9. White blood cells (WBC) — the army

The total white blood cell count. Counterintuitively, values in the high part of the “normal” range are associated with faster aging.

• Why it ages: Elevated WBC reflects chronic inflammation and immune activation
• Ideal range for longevity: 4.5-6.5 × 10³/µL (the low part of the range)
• Study: WBC > 10.0 is associated with double cardiovascular risk even in the absence of infection

How the formula works

The PhenoAge formula is complex (it uses a parametric Gompertz model of mortality), but the concept is simple:

1. Your 9 values are inserted into an equation that calculates composite mortality risk
2. This risk is converted into an age equivalent — the chronological age of an average person with the same risk profile
3. The result is your Phenotypic Age

You don’t need to calculate it manually: free online calculators exist like the one from AgelessRx or the one developed by Andrew Steele. Or, as we’ll see, you can use SuperAge. For a step-by-step guide to reading your output and understanding what age acceleration means, see our dedicated PhenoAge score interpretation guide.

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The KDM Method (Klemera-Doubal)

If PhenoAge is the “bestseller” of biological age calculators, the Klemera-Doubal Method (KDM) is the favorite of academic researchers.

Quick definition: The KDM method is a statistical algorithm developed by Czech biomathematicians Milan Klemera and Stanislav Doubal in 2006 that combines multiple biomarkers to estimate biological age, minimizing the distance between measured values and expected aging trajectories.

How KDM works

Unlike PhenoAge (which estimates mortality risk and converts it to age), KDM uses a geometric approach:

1. For each biomarker, the method calculates how that value typically changes with age in the population
2. It determines the linear regression of each biomarker against chronological age
3. It calculates the distance between your values and those expected for your age
4. It combines all distances into an optimal biological age estimate, weighted by the reliability of each biomarker

Biomarkers used in KDM

KDM is more flexible than PhenoAge — it can be calculated with different sets of biomarkers. The most common version (used in the R package BioAge developed at Duke University) uses:

Biomarker	Shared with PhenoAge?
Albumin	Yes
Creatinine	Yes
Glucose	Yes
C-reactive protein (CRP)	Yes
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)	Yes
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)	No — KDM specific
Total cholesterol	No — KDM specific
Systolic blood pressure	No — KDM specific
Forced expiratory volume (FEV1)	No — KDM specific

As you can see, KDM also includes non-blood parameters (blood pressure and spirometry), which makes it potentially more comprehensive but also harder to calculate with blood tests alone.

KDM: strengths and limitations

Strengths:

• Mathematically more elegant approach, less tied to a single outcome (mortality)
• Validated in multiple longitudinal studies (including the famous NHANES)
• Flexible: can integrate new biomarkers as research advances
• Used by Duke University in aging research framework

Limitations:

• More complex to calculate (no single popular web calculator like PhenoAge)
• Requires additional biomarkers that not everyone has (FEV1 in particular)
• Less known to the general public

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PhenoAge vs KDM: which to choose?

Characteristic	PhenoAge	KDM
Publication year	2018	2006
Developed by	Morgan Levine (Yale)	Klemera & Doubal (Czech Rep.)
Required biomarkers	9 (all from blood)	7-10 (blood + BP + spirometry)
Approach	Composite mortality → age equivalent	Multivariate regression → distance from expected
Calculation ease	Easy — free online calculators	Complex — requires statistical software
Mortality prediction	Excellent	Very good
Intervention sensitivity	Good (demonstrated in clinical trials)	Good
Data accessibility	High — just CBC + CRP + metabolic	Medium — also needs BP and sometimes spirometry
Popularity	High (mainstream longevity)	Medium (more used in academic research)

For the model-level explanation behind these differences, see why PhenoAge and KDM calculators disagree, including how training targets, biomarker panels, and reference populations change the output.

Our recommendation

For most people, PhenoAge is the better choice because:

1. All biomarkers come from a single blood draw
2. Free and easy-to-use calculators exist
3. It has the most validation studies on lifestyle interventions
4. It’s integrated directly into SuperAge from version 3.2

If you’re a researcher or advanced biohacker, it’s worth calculating both and comparing results. The two metrics use complementary approaches and any discrepancy can reveal different aspects of your aging.

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How to Improve Each Biomarker

Here’s the beautiful part: unlike chronological age, biological age can be lowered. The most famous study in this field is by Dr. Kara Fitzgerald, published in Aging in 2021, which demonstrated an average reduction of 3.23 years of biological age in just 8 weeks with a protocol of diet, sleep, exercise, and meditation (Fitzgerald et al., 2021).

Here’s what you can do for each biomarker:

Albumin (↑ raise)

The only biomarker where you want HIGHER values.

Strategies:

• Adequate protein: 2.6-3.5 g/lb (1.2-1.6 g/kg) of body weight per day. Chicken, fish, legumes, eggs
• Resistance exercise: Strength training increases hepatic protein synthesis
• Avoid excessive alcohol: Alcohol damages the liver, reducing albumin production
• Hydration: Chronic dehydration can artificially lower albumin

Creatinine (→ maintain in range)

Strategies:

• Adequate hydration: 0.5-0.6 oz/lb (30-35 mL/kg) of weight per day
• Kidney function: Avoid chronic NSAIDs (ibuprofen) that stress the kidneys
• Blood pressure: Hypertension is the #1 cause of kidney damage
• Balanced protein: Too much protein can raise creatinine; don’t exceed 4.4 g/lb (2 g/kg) per day

Glucose (↓ lower)

Strategies:

• Post-meal walks: 10-15 minutes after eating reduces glycemic spike by 30-50%
• Fiber: 30+ g per day from vegetables, legumes, whole grains
• Sleep: Less than 6 hours per night increases insulin resistance by 40%
• Muscle: More muscle mass = more “sponge” for glucose
• Food order: Vegetables → protein → carbs reduces glycemic spike by 73% (Shukla et al., 2015)

C-reactive protein (↓ lower)

The biomarker where you can have the biggest impact.

Strategies:

• Omega-3: 2-3 g/day of EPA+DHA reduces CRP by 20-30%
• Body weight: Every 11 lbs (5 kg) lost = significant CRP reduction
• Regular exercise: 150+ minutes/week of moderate activity
• Eliminate added sugars: Sugar is among the biggest inflammation drivers
• Mediterranean diet: Associated with 20% lower CRP compared to Western diet
• Curcumin: 500-1000 mg/day may reduce CRP (moderate evidence)

Lymphocyte percentage (↑ raise)

Strategies:

• Stress management: Chronic stress suppresses lymphocytes (elevated cortisol)
• Adequate sleep: 7-9 hours. Lymphocytes reproduce during deep sleep
• Vitamin D: Optimal levels (40-60 ng/mL) support lymphocyte function
• Moderate exercise: Caution: overtraining REDUCES lymphocytes. More is not better
• Zinc: 15-30 mg/day supports thymic function

Mean corpuscular volume — MCV (→ maintain low-mid)

Strategies:

• Vitamin B12: Deficiencies raise MCV. Sources: meat, fish, eggs, milk. Supplement if vegan
• Folate: Leafy greens, legumes, citrus fruits
• Limit alcohol: Alcohol is the most common cause of elevated MCV in adults
• Thyroid function: Hypothyroidism can raise MCV

Red cell distribution width — RDW (↓ lower)

Strategies:

• Adequate iron: Neither too much nor too little. Ideal ferritin: 40-100 ng/mL
• Antioxidants: Vitamin C, vitamin E, polyphenols reduce oxidative stress
• Anti-inflammation: Anything that lowers CRP tends to lower RDW as well
• B12 and folate: Same as for MCV

Alkaline phosphatase — ALP (↓ lower if elevated)

Strategies:

• Vitamin D and K2: The combination supports bone metabolism without raising ALP
• Liver health: Limit alcohol, hepatotoxic drugs, ultra-processed foods
• Healthy weight: Fatty liver (NAFLD) raises ALP
• Exercise: Regular physical activity normalizes ALP

White blood cells — WBC (↓ bring to low part of range)

Strategies:

• General anti-inflammation: Same strategies as CRP
• Quit smoking: Smoking chronically elevates WBC
• Stress: Chronic cortisol mobilizes white blood cells
• Body weight: Obesity maintains elevated WBC
• Intermittent fasting: Some evidence suggests fasting reduces WBC (de Cabo & Mattson, 2019)

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SuperAge 3.2: Blood Tests on Your iPhone

Calculating PhenoAge manually or with an Excel spreadsheet is possible, but impractical. With SuperAge 3.2, the process becomes automatic.

How it works

From version 3.2, SuperAge integrates full support for blood tests:

1. Scan the PDF of your blood tests with the camera or import it directly
2. AI automatically recognizes over 40 biomarkers in any language — albumin, creatinine, CRP, complete blood count, and all other PhenoAge parameters
3. Instantly calculates your PhenoAge and shows how each individual biomarker contributes to the result
4. Tracks over time the evolution of your biological age by combining blood data with Apple Watch data (HRV, VO2 Max, resting heart rate, sleep)

Why it’s a game-changer

Most online PhenoAge calculators give you just a number. SuperAge goes beyond:

• Visualizes which biomarker ages you the most — so you know exactly where to intervene
• Combines blood + wearable — no other app integrates blood tests with Apple Watch data for a complete picture
• Automatic multilingual — thanks to AI, it recognizes reports in Italian, English, German, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, and any other language
• Comparable history — upload blood tests from 6 months ago and compare evolution

If you already have blood tests on hand, you can calculate your PhenoAge in less than 30 seconds.

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The science doesn’t stop: PhenoAge in the context of biological clocks

PhenoAge and KDM aren’t the only ways to measure biological age. Here’s how they fit into the landscape:

Clock	Type	What it measures	Cost	Accessibility
PhenoAge	Blood biomarkers	9 blood parameters → mortality	Near zero (routine tests)	Very high
KDM	Mixed biomarkers	Blood + BP + spirometry	Low	High
Horvath Clock	Epigenetic (1st gen)	353 CpG sites in DNA	$300-500	Low (dedicated test)
GrimAge	Epigenetic (2nd gen)	1030 CpG sites → proteins + mortality	$300-500	Low
DunedinPACE	Epigenetic (3rd gen)	173 CpG sites → aging speed	$300-500	Low

Which to choose?

• Want a free indication with data you already have? → PhenoAge
• Want the most accurate measure available today? → DunedinPACE (but costs $300-500 and requires a specific kit)
• Want to combine the best of both worlds? → PhenoAge with routine tests + continuous monitoring with Apple Watch via SuperAge
• No blood work yet? → Start with the 5 physical tests you can do at home to estimate your functional biological age in 15 minutes

The huge advantage of PhenoAge is that you can calculate it every time you do blood tests — that is, 1-2 times per year at near-zero cost. Epigenetic clocks, while more precise, require dedicated and expensive tests. To understand how PhenoAge acceleration connects to every major chronic disease, see disease prevention through biological age optimization — the guide that maps each disease to its shared biological aging mechanisms.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Can I calculate PhenoAge from routine blood tests?

Yes, in most cases. You need: complete blood count (includes WBC, lymphocyte%, MCV, RDW), metabolic panel (albumin, creatinine, glucose, alkaline phosphatase), and high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP). The only value that’s sometimes missing from standard tests is hs-CRP — ask your doctor to add it to your next blood draw.

How accurate is PhenoAge?

PhenoAge has been validated on cohorts of thousands of people and is a significant predictor of mortality and morbidity. However, it’s not a “magic number”: it’s a statistical estimate that reflects your metabolic and inflammatory risk profile at that moment. A single calculation should be interpreted in the overall health context.

How often should I calculate my PhenoAge?

Ideally twice per year — for example, once in spring and once in fall, in conjunction with routine tests. This allows tracking seasonal variations and the effect of lifestyle changes. For a complete breakdown of which biomarkers to add beyond the PhenoAge 9 and how to structure your optimal longevity blood panel, see our dedicated guide. For the full panel of 24 longevity biomarkers — including optimal ranges and what each one means for aging — see our complete blood work guide for longevity.

Can PhenoAge really improve with lifestyle?

Absolutely. The Fitzgerald 2021 study demonstrated an average reduction of 3.23 years in 8 weeks with a protocol based on diet (rich in vegetables, lean proteins, methylators like betaine and folate), sleep (7+ hours), exercise (30 min × 5 days), and meditation (10 min × 2 per day).

What’s the difference between PhenoAge and DNAm PhenoAge?

There’s an epigenetic version called DNAm PhenoAge that uses 513 DNA methylation sites to estimate the same thing. It’s more precise but requires a dedicated epigenetic test ($300-500). The article you read refers to the “classic” PhenoAge based on the 9 blood biomarkers — free and accessible to everyone.

What does it mean if my PhenoAge is 10 years above my age?

A PhenoAgeAccel of +10 years is a significant signal that deserves attention. It doesn’t mean you’ll “die 10 years earlier,” but indicates that your metabolic and inflammatory profile is comparable to that of an average person 10 years older. The good news: the most modifiable biomarkers (CRP, glucose, RDW) are precisely those that have the greatest weight in the formula.

Is PhenoAge the same as the metabolic age on my smart scale?

No. PhenoAge is derived from blood biomarkers calibrated against mortality data. The metabolic age on consumer scales is a comparison of your basal metabolic rate (BMR) to population averages — it is primarily driven by muscle mass and body composition. The two metrics often disagree significantly for the same person. For a full comparison, see biological age vs metabolic age.

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Key Takeaways

• PhenoAge calculates biological age from 9 biomarkers in a standard blood test — it’s free and accessible
• The KDM method is a complementary approach used more in academic settings, which also includes blood pressure and spirometry
• CRP, glucose, and RDW are the biomarkers with the greatest impact on the formula — and the most modifiable with lifestyle
• The Fitzgerald study demonstrated that 8 weeks of intervention can lower biological age by over 3 years
• SuperAge 3.2 integrates blood tests: scan the PDF, calculate PhenoAge, and see which biomarker to address

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Start Monitoring Your Biological Age from Blood

The blood tests you do every year contain more information than you think. With PhenoAge, you have a scientifically validated tool to transform those numbers into a concrete indicator of your aging speed.

You don’t need a $500 test. You don’t need a geneticist. You just need your latest blood tests and a way to interpret them.

Ready to discover your real biological age? Download SuperAge and scan your blood tests to calculate your PhenoAge in 30 seconds.

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Sources and References

1. Levine ME et al. (2018) - An epigenetic biomarker of aging for lifespan and healthspan. Aging
2. Klemera P, Doubal S (2006) - A new approach to the concept and computation of biological age. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development
3. Fitzgerald KN et al. (2021) - Potential reversal of epigenetic age using a diet and lifestyle intervention. Aging
4. Salvagno GL et al. (2015) - Red blood cell distribution width: A simple parameter with multiple clinical applications. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
5. Shukla AP et al. (2015) - Food Order Has a Significant Impact on Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Levels. Diabetes Care
6. de Cabo R, Mattson MP (2019) - Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Health, Aging, and Disease. NEJM
7. Kwon D, Belsky DW (2021) - A toolkit for quantification of biological age from blood chemistry and organ function test data: BioAge. GeroScience
8. Cao L et al. (2025) - Associations of combined phenotypic aging and genetic risk with incident cancer. eLife — UK Biobank, 374,463 participants: combined PhenoAge + genetic risk doubles cancer risk.
9. The effect of phenotypic aging on the relationship between cancer history and mortality in US adults, 2026 - Frontiers in Aging — NHANES cancer survivors: PhenoAge mediates 24.1% of cancer-specific mortality.
10. Evaluating the potential of phenotypic age to enhance cardiovascular risk prediction over chronological age in the UK Biobank, 2025 - Scientific Reports — PhenoAge improves 10-year CVD prediction beyond chronological age.
11. Development and validation of a modified phenoage for biological aging and chronic diseases in a Chinese cohort, 2025 — Modified PA-CRP variant validated in 4,295 Chinese adults.

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Last updated: 2026-06-17. This article is reviewed regularly to ensure scientific accuracy.

If you are choosing a remote or at-home panel rather than a clinician-ordered draw, use this home biomarker test comparison checklist to screen lab quality, sample type, repeatability, and privacy before buying.