Albumin: The centenarian biomarker (what low levels can tell you)

Your doctor has probably never told you this, but there’s a number in your blood tests that can reveal a lot about nutrition, inflammation, liver function, kidney loss, and biological-age models.

It’s not cholesterol. It’s not blood sugar. It’s albumin — a protein produced by the liver that most people completely ignore when reading their lab reports.

Albumin appears in multiple biological-age algorithms, including Aging.ai and PhenoAge-style blood clocks. A 2025 Scientific Reports sex-adjusted 7-biomarker clock included albumin alongside creatinine, HbA1c, ALT, HDL, triglycerides, and sex; in UK Biobank validation, biological-age acceleration was already elevated up to 5 years before type 2 diabetes or chronic kidney disease diagnosis. An Italian Moli-sani cohort study of 17,930 people also found that albumin at or below 3.5 g/dL was linked with higher total, cancer, and vascular mortality in adults 65 and older.

The useful part: many drivers of low albumin are modifiable or treatable, but the right response depends on the cause. In this article, we’ll explain what science says, which ranges deserve attention, and when to discuss a low or falling value with a clinician.

For a lab-report reference page with ranges, aliases, and SuperAge context, see the albumin biomarker guide.

What you’ll learn:

• What albumin is and why it’s crucial for longevity
• Normal values vs. optimal values: the difference that matters
• What research says about centenarians
• Why albumin matters in aging clocks
• The 5 protective functions of albumin in your body
• Low albumin: causes, risks, and when to worry
• 7 evidence-based strategies to optimize albumin
• How SuperAge tracks albumin and calculates your biological age
• FAQ

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Quick answer

Albumin is a liver-made blood protein. Low values can reflect inflammation, liver or kidney disease, protein loss, or undernutrition. For longevity, it is a useful marker inside a broader panel, not a standalone number that proves you will live longer.

Key facts

• Albumin is used in PhenoAge/KDM and several clinical aging clocks; higher albumin usually lowers predicted biological age, but trend and cause matter more than one reading.
• Centenarian studies link better albumin with function and survival, but they do not show that albumin alone predicts who reaches 100.
• Albumin below 3.5 g/dL, or a downward trend over time, should be discussed with a clinician rather than self-treated.
• Practical tracking pairs albumin with biological age, inflammation, kidney and liver markers, protein intake, resistance training, sleep, and HRV.

What Is Albumin?

Albumin is the most abundant protein in blood plasma — it represents about 55-60% of all circulating proteins. It’s produced by the liver at a rate of approximately 12-15 grams per day and has a half-life of about 20 days.

Quick definition: Albumin is a protein produced by the liver that transports substances in the blood, maintains osmotic pressure, acts as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, and helps aging clocks and clinicians interpret systemic health risk.

But reducing it to “a blood protein” is like saying the heart is “a muscle that pumps.” Albumin is an integrated indicator of your entire organism’s health status: it reflects liver function, nutritional status, systemic inflammation level, and the body’s ability to protect itself from oxidative stress.

Why Albumin Is Different from Other Biomarkers

Most biomarkers measure a single aspect of health. LDL cholesterol tells you something about cardiovascular risk. Blood glucose reflects sugar metabolism. Creatinine indicates kidney function.

Albumin, however, is a systemic indicator. When it drops, it means something may be wrong — but it could be the liver, kidneys, nutrition, chronic inflammation, or a combination of all these factors. It’s precisely this “multidimensional” nature that makes it useful in aging and mortality models.

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Normal Values vs. Useful Tracking Zones

This is where things get interesting. Many labs consider albumin values around 3.5-5.5 g/dL “normal.” But longevity research suggests a more nuanced reading: low-normal albumin is not automatically dangerous, yet lower values and downward trends often travel with inflammation, kidney loss, liver disease, undernutrition, frailty, or higher mortality risk in older adults.

Level	Value (g/dL)	Interpretation
Low	< 3.5	Hypoalbuminemia — needs clinical context and cause-finding
Borderline	3.5 - 3.9	Within many lab norms, but worth watching over time
Reassuring	4.0 - 5.0	Commonly seen in healthier adults, interpreted with context
High	> 5.5	Rare — often reflects dehydration or hemoconcentration

The difference between 3.6 and 4.4 g/dL may seem negligible. Both can be “within normal range.” But in older-adult cohorts, lower albumin and downward trends tend to track with worse mortality and frailty profiles, especially when inflammation, kidney disease, liver disease, or undernutrition are present.

How Albumin Changes with Age

Albumin often trends lower with aging, but the slope is not universal. It depends on inflammation, kidney function, liver synthesis, body composition, protein intake, medications, illness, hydration, and lab method. That is why a trend is more useful than a single age-adjusted target.

Situation	Practical reading
Stable albumin around 4.0-5.0 g/dL	Usually reassuring when kidney, liver, CRP, and nutrition markers are also stable
Albumin 3.5-3.9 g/dL	Worth repeating and interpreting with CRP, liver enzymes, kidney markers, urine albumin, weight trend, and diet
Albumin < 3.5 g/dL	Hypoalbuminemia; discuss causes with a clinician
Falling albumin over repeated tests	More important than a one-off low-normal result
High albumin	Often dehydration or hemoconcentration rather than a longevity advantage

Key point: The goal is not to chase albumin upward in isolation. The goal is to understand why it is low or falling, then improve the underlying drivers with medical guidance.

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What Research Says About Centenarians

The relationship between albumin and extreme longevity is fascinating — and more nuanced than you’d expect.

The Swedish AMORIS Study: 35 Years of Follow-Up

One of the largest studies ever conducted on centenarians is the AMORIS study (Apolipoprotein MOrtality RISk), published in GeroScience in 2023. Researchers followed 1,224 people who reached 100 years and compared them with over 44,000 controls.

The most surprising result: albumin itself was not among the biomarkers most clearly associated with reaching 100 in the main AMORIS analysis. What distinguished future centenarians more clearly were other parameters like uric acid, total cholesterol, iron, and gamma-GT.

However, albumin remains relevant in older and exceptionally old populations because low albumin often reflects inflammation, undernutrition, liver disease, kidney loss, or frailty. In other words: albumin does not prove that you will become a centenarian, but a low or falling value is still a useful clinical warning signal (Murata et al., 2023).

The Italian Moli-sani Study: The Link with Mortality

In 2024, a team from La Sapienza University of Rome published a study in eClinicalMedicine (The Lancet) analyzing 17,930 participants from the Italian Moli-sani cohort.

The results were clear: in those over 65, albumin levels at or below 35 g/L (equivalent to 3.5 g/dL) were associated with a significantly higher risk of total, cancer, and vascular mortality.

What makes this study particularly important? It’s based on an Italian population, making it directly relevant for readers of this article. And it demonstrates that albumin isn’t just an aging biomarker — it’s a concrete risk marker for major causes of death in older adults (Di Castelnuovo et al., 2024).

Chinese Centenarians: Albumin and Functional Autonomy

A study published in BMC Geriatrics examined Chinese centenarians and found that the median albumin value was 38.5 g/L (3.85 g/dL) — close to the lower limit of normal. But the most significant finding is that centenarians with higher albumin had a greater capacity to perform activities of daily living (ADL) independently.

It’s not just about living longer, but living better — with independence and functionality (Lv et al., 2020). This aligns with what broader centenarian research shows: the lifestyle habits of people who reach 100 are fundamentally about compressing illness into the shortest possible window at the end of life, not just extending it.

Uric Acid-to-Albumin Ratio in Centenarians (2026)

A 2026 prospective cohort study of 924 centenarians from Hainan, China (median age 102, published in Frontiers in Nutrition) found a significant non-linear association between the uric acid-to-albumin ratio (UAR) and all-cause mortality. UAR functions as a composite biomarker reflecting both oxidative stress (uric acid) and nutritional/functional status (albumin) — higher UAR predicted worse outcomes. This highlights that albumin’s value increases when considered in combination with other markers.

Oldest-old cohorts: albumin and NT-proBNP tell different stories

A Nature Communications study of 1,427 very old adults, centenarians, semi-supercentenarians, and supercentenarians found two complementary signals. Low NT-proBNP was statistically associated with a survival advantage to supercentenarian age, while low albumin was associated with higher mortality across age groups. Albumin, therefore, is not a “reach 110” switch; it is a broad reserve marker that becomes most useful when interpreted beside cardiac, inflammatory, kidney, and nutritional markers (Arai et al., 2020).

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Why Albumin Matters in Aging Clocks

The Verdict of Clinical Aging Clocks

In the Aging.ai system — a neural network trained on large blood-test datasets to predict biological age — albumin is one of the routine biomarkers with age-prediction value. It also appears in PhenoAge-style clinical aging models because it reflects more than one organ system at once.

In 2025, a new sex-adjusted 7-biomarker clinical aging clock in Scientific Reports included albumin alongside creatinine, HbA1c, ALT, HDL, triglycerides, and sex. In UK Biobank validation, the clock showed biological-age acceleration before type 2 diabetes or chronic kidney disease diagnosis. That does not make albumin a standalone “aging score,” but it explains why it deserves attention alongside kidney, liver, metabolic, and inflammation markers.

Albumin and PhenoAge: Calculating Biological Age

Albumin is also one of the 9 biomarkers used in the PhenoAge algorithm, developed by Morgan Levine at Yale in 2018 — one of the most scientifically validated systems for estimating biological age from a routine blood test.

In the PhenoAge formula, albumin enters with a negative coefficient. Translated into practical terms: all else equal, higher albumin lowers calculated PhenoAge. That is a model property, not a reason to chase high albumin in isolation.

The 9 PhenoAge biomarkers are:

1. Albumin ← the biomarker we’re discussing
2. Creatinine
3. Glucose
4. C-reactive protein (CRP)
5. Lymphocyte percentage
6. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
7. Red cell distribution width (RDW)
8. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
9. White blood cell count (WBC)

Deep dive: If you want to understand how PhenoAge and KDM work in detail, read our dedicated article: PhenoAge and KDM: How to calculate your biological age from blood tests.

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The 5 Protective Functions of Albumin

Albumin isn’t just a “number in the labs.” It’s a multifunctional molecule that protects your body in at least 5 different ways.

1. Antioxidant Power

Albumin is a major contributor to plasma antioxidant defense, especially through its cysteine-34 thiol group, one of the largest free-thiol pools in plasma. It can bind reactive molecules and metals that would otherwise participate in oxidative stress.

With oxidative stress, inflammation, diabetes, kidney disease, or cardiovascular disease, a larger fraction of albumin can become oxidized or glycated, changing its function. That is different from routine serum albumin: most standard panels measure quantity, not albumin quality. Emerging research on oxidized or glycated albumin is interesting, but these tests are not yet standard for routine longevity tracking.

2. Anti-Inflammatory Action

Albumin modulates the inflammatory response by binding and neutralizing pro-inflammatory molecules. When albumin drops, chronic low-grade inflammation (inflammaging) tends to increase — triggering a vicious circle where inflammation further reduces albumin production.

3. Transport of Vital Substances

Albumin transports in the blood:

• Hormones (thyroxine, cortisol)
• Fatty acids
• Drugs (many drugs bind to albumin to circulate in the body)
• Bilirubin
• Calcium, zinc, magnesium

When albumin drops, the transport efficiency of all these substances decreases.

4. Maintenance of Osmotic Pressure

Albumin is the main driver of oncotic pressure — the force that retains fluids inside blood vessels. When albumin is too low, fluids “leak” from vessels and accumulate in tissues, causing edema.

5. Anticoagulant Effect

Albumin also interacts with coagulation biology and vascular function. Low albumin often appears in the same clinical contexts that raise thrombotic and vascular risk, but this does not mean raising albumin directly prevents thrombosis. Treat albumin as a risk-context marker, not an anticoagulant therapy.

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Low Albumin: Causes, Risks, and When to Worry

Hypoalbuminemia (albumin < 3.5 g/dL) is a signal that should not be ignored. But even low-normal values between 3.5 and 3.9 g/dL deserve attention when they are new, persistent, or trending downward.

Main Causes of Low Albumin

Reduced production (liver):

• Cirrhosis and chronic liver diseases
• Hepatitis
• Liver failure

Increased loss (kidneys/intestine):

• Nephrotic syndrome
• Inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn’s, ulcerative colitis)
• Protein-losing enteropathy

Increased degradation:

• Chronic inflammation (elevated CRP)
• Sepsis and severe infections
• Extensive burns
• Post-surgery

Nutritional deficiencies:

• Insufficient protein intake
• Malabsorption
• Malnutrition (common in the elderly)

The Risks of Low Albumin

According to the Moli-sani study, albumin at or below 3.5 g/dL in adults 65 and older was associated with:

• Cancer mortality — higher risk
• Vascular mortality — higher risk from vascular causes
• All-cause mortality — higher risk after adjustment

Other studies link hypoalbuminemia to:

• Sarcopenia — loss of muscle mass and strength
• Cognitive decline — associated with dementia
• Osteoporosis — reduced bone density
• Delayed healing — wounds that are slow to close
• Longer hospitalization duration

When to Really Worry

Albumin (g/dL)	Attention Level	Suggested Action
≥ 4.0	Reassuring in context	Annual monitoring if the rest of the panel is stable
3.5 - 3.9	Low-normal / watch zone	Review trend, CRP, kidney/liver markers, nutrition, and retest
3.0 - 3.4	Low	Consult physician, investigate causes
< 3.0	Critical	Urgent medical intervention

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Albumin and Sarcopenia: The Connection with Muscles

There’s a bidirectional link between albumin and muscle mass that’s particularly relevant for aging.

Albumin is an indicator of the body’s protein status. When levels drop, it often indicates that the body doesn’t have sufficient amino acids to support both albumin production and muscle mass maintenance. The liver prioritizes albumin, but when even this drops, it means reserves are truly depleted.

In older adults, low albumin often travels with the same drivers that accelerate sarcopenia: low protein intake, inflammation, illness, reduced activity, and loss of functional reserve. It should not be used as a muscle-mass test, but it can help flag when a nutrition-and-strength plan deserves closer attention.

In practice: if you want to age while maintaining muscles and strength, albumin is one of the parameters to watch.

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7 Evidence-Based Strategies to Optimize Albumin

Albumin can improve when the underlying driver improves. Here’s what science and clinical practice suggest for keeping the albumin context healthier.

1. Increase Protein Intake (with Intelligence)

Why it works: Albumin is made of amino acids. Without adequate protein intake, the liver can’t produce enough of it. Glycine is a key limiting amino acid for liver protein synthesis — and its availability typically declines with age.

How to do it:

• Goal: 1.2-1.6 g of protein per kg of body weight per day (for example, 84-112 g for a 154 lbs (70 kg) person)
• Distribute proteins across 3-4 meals (don’t concentrate everything at dinner)
• Aim for 25-30 g of protein per meal as a minimum

After 40, your muscles become less efficient at using dietary protein — which also affects albumin synthesis. See our complete guide on how much protein you need after 40 for science-based targets by age and activity level.

Best sources: Eggs, fish, lean meats, dairy, legumes + grains (for those following a plant-based diet). For a complete ranking by leucine content and bioavailability, see our guide to the best protein sources for longevity after 50.

2. Favor High Biological Value Proteins

Why it works: Not all proteins are equal. Proteins with a complete amino acid profile stimulate albumin synthesis more.

How to do it:

• Eggs — highest biological value (100). 2 eggs = ~12 g of complete proteins
• Whey protein — rapidly absorbable, rich in leucine
• Fish — additional omega-3s that reduce inflammation
• Plant combinations — legumes + grains (rice and beans, pasta and chickpeas)

3. Control Chronic Inflammation

Why it works: Chronic low-grade inflammation reduces hepatic albumin production and accelerates its degradation. If your CRP (C-reactive protein) is chronically elevated, albumin will suffer.

How to do it:

• Diet rich in omega-3s (fatty fish 2-3 times a week, or EPA/DHA supplement)
• Abundance of fruits and vegetables (antioxidants, polyphenols)
• Reduce ultra-processed foods (promote inflammation)
• Control visceral fat — the main source of inflammatory cytokines

4. Do Regular Physical Activity (Especially Resistance Training)

Why it works: Physical exercise, particularly resistance training, supports muscle protein synthesis, improves function, and reduces chronic inflammation. Albumin may improve when better training, nutrition, and disease control improve the overall protein/inflammation balance.

How to do it:

• Resistance training 2-3 times a week
• Brisk walking at least 30 minutes daily at 3.1 mph (5 km/h) or more
• Avoid prolonged sedentary behavior — even standing up every hour makes a difference

5. Optimize Liver Function

Why it works: The liver is the only organ that produces albumin. If the liver doesn’t function well, production drops.

How to do it:

• Limit alcohol (or eliminate it — your liver will thank you)
• Maintain a healthy body weight (fatty liver reduces albumin synthesis)
• Check gamma-GT and transaminases in your labs
• Coffee (2-3 cups a day) has demonstrated protective effects on the liver

6. Counter Kidney Loss

Why it works: Kidneys filter blood and, under normal conditions, don’t let albumin pass through. But when they’re damaged (diabetes, hypertension), albumin is lost in urine (albuminuria).

How to do it:

• Check blood pressure (goal < 130/80 mmHg)
• Monitor blood glucose if you’re diabetic or pre-diabetic
• Ask your doctor for the microalbuminuria test — an early sign of kidney damage
• Reduce excessive salt in your diet

7. Ensure Quality Sleep

Why it works: Sleep is when the body performs most protein synthesis, including albumin. Chronic sleep deprivation is associated with elevated inflammation and reduced hepatic production.

How to do it:

• 7-9 hours of sleep per night
• Regular bedtime and wake times
• Dark, cool, and quiet environment
• Avoid screens and caffeine in the 2 hours before sleep

Advanced tip: Albumin changes slowly because it reflects liver synthesis, losses, inflammation, hydration, and nutrition. Retest timing should match the clinical situation; for a stable low-normal value, 3-6 months is often a practical interval to review the trend.

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When to Test and How to Interpret Results

When to Test Albumin

Albumin is included in many standard blood panels and can be requested with a simple blood test. If you’re building a comprehensive longevity panel around albumin and the other PhenoAge biomarkers, see our guide to blood tests for longevity for recommended testing cadences by age. It’s advisable to check it:

• Every year after age 40 (as part of annual check-up)
• Every 6 months if values are suboptimal (3.5-3.9 g/dL)
• More frequently if you have conditions like diabetes, liver or kidney diseases

How to Prepare

• Fasting: generally not required for albumin alone, but often the test is part of a panel requiring 8-12 hour fasting
• Hydration: Drink water normally. Dehydration can falsely elevate values
• Inform your doctor: medications in use (some can influence levels)

The Albumin/Globulin Ratio (A/G)

Beyond the absolute albumin value, it’s worth checking the A/G ratio:

A/G Ratio	Interpretation
1.2 - 2.2	Normal
< 1.0	Possible liver, kidney disease or myeloma
> 2.5	Rare — possible immunodeficiency

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How SuperAge Tracks Albumin and Calculates Your Biological Age

Monitoring albumin and other blood test biomarkers is fundamental — but interpreting them in the context of biological aging requires complex algorithms. This is where SuperAge comes in.

Intelligent Extraction from Blood Tests

SuperAge uses Apple’s artificial intelligence to automatically extract biomarkers from your blood test reports. Just take a photo of the report or upload the PDF:

• Automatic recognition of albumin (and other 40+ biomarkers) in any language
• Error detection — the app distinguishes between g/dL and g/L, avoiding common confusions (4.5 g/dL ≠ 45 g/L)
• Automatic unit conversion — whatever format your lab uses
• Confidence score for each extracted value

Integrated PhenoAge Calculation

Once albumin is extracted along with the other 8 biomarkers, SuperAge automatically calculates your PhenoAge — your biological age based on blood tests. You’ll see:

• Your biological age vs. chronological age
• The PhenoAge Acceleration — how much faster or slower you’re aging than average
• The specific impact of albumin on your result

Tracking Over Time

The real value is in the trend. SuperAge saves each set of tests and shows you how your biomarkers — albumin included — change over time. You can see if your interventions (diet, exercise, supplementation) are working. To build a complete longevity blood panel beyond albumin — covering all 24 biomarkers with optimal ranges and testing frequency — see the complete blood work guide for longevity.

Want to discover your biological age? Download SuperAge and upload your blood tests to calculate your PhenoAge in seconds.

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Frequently Asked Questions

What is albumin in blood tests?

Albumin is the most abundant protein in blood plasma, produced by the liver. It performs transport functions, maintains osmotic pressure, acts as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. It’s measured with a simple blood test and is a global indicator of health status and biological aging.

What are normal albumin values?

Many labs use a clinical reference range around 3.5-5.5 g/dL. For longevity tracking, 4.0-5.0 g/dL is usually more reassuring when the rest of the panel is stable. Values between 3.5 and 3.9 g/dL are not automatically dangerous, but they deserve context and trend review, especially after age 65.

When should I worry about low albumin?

Values below 3.5 g/dL require medical investigation. Causes can be hepatic, renal, nutritional, or inflammatory. Values below 3.0 g/dL are considered critical. Even “borderline” values (3.5-3.9 g/dL) deserve attention if you’re over 40 and interested in longevity.

How to increase albumin in blood naturally?

The main strategies are: identify the cause, ensure adequate protein intake when kidney/liver context allows, prefer high-quality protein sources, reduce chronic inflammation, do regular exercise (especially resistance training), optimize liver function, protect kidney health, and sleep 7-9 hours. If albumin is truly low, medical evaluation matters more than self-supplementing.

Does albumin really predict longevity?

Yes, with important nuances. Albumin is included in Aging.ai, PhenoAge-style models, and the 2025 SevenAge clock because it reflects nutritional, inflammatory, liver, kidney, and frailty-related biology. The Swedish AMORIS study did not show albumin alone as a clear predictor of reaching 100, while the Italian Moli-sani study found low albumin in adults over 65 was linked with higher total, cancer, and vascular mortality. Albumin is one piece of a larger puzzle.

Is high albumin dangerous?

Values above 5.5 g/dL are rare and often indicate dehydration or hemoconcentration rather than a real excess of albumin. In very rare cases, persistently elevated values can be associated with specific conditions. A value in the upper-normal range can be reassuring, but it is not a longevity target by itself.

What is the connection between albumin and muscle mass?

Albumin reflects protein status, inflammation, liver synthesis, kidney or gut losses, and illness burden. When it drops, it may indicate that the body is not in a good state to maintain muscle mass, but it does not diagnose sarcopenia. Pair it with strength, weight trend, protein intake, CRP, kidney markers, and body composition when possible.

How often should I check albumin?

For those in good health: once a year after age 40, as part of check-ups. If values are suboptimal (3.5-3.9 g/dL): every 6 months to monitor trends. If you have chronic conditions: according to your doctor’s indications. Apps like SuperAge allow you to track trends over time.

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Key Points

• Albumin is a high-value aging signal because it appears in multiple clinical aging models and reflects several organ systems at once
• “Normal” values need context: a low-normal value plus a downward trend is more important than one isolated result
• The Italian Moli-sani study links albumin at or below 3.5 g/dL with higher total, cancer, and vascular mortality in adults over 65
• Centenarian evidence is nuanced: albumin alone does not prove who will reach 100, but low albumin can still signal frailty or disease risk
• Albumin’s drivers are often modifiable: protein intake, resistance training, inflammation control, sleep, and medical treatment of liver/kidney causes all matter
• Tracking over time is essential: use SuperAge to track albumin and calculate your PhenoAge from blood tests

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Start Monitoring Your Albumin Today

Albumin is much more than a number in your blood test report. It’s a window into several systems that influence biological aging — and, most importantly, many causes of low albumin can be identified and addressed.

The next time you get blood tests, don’t just check that albumin is “within normal range.” Ask yourself: is it rising or falling compared to last year? Is it paired with abnormal CRP, creatinine, liver enzymes, or urine protein? Should I discuss the trend with my doctor?

Want to transform your blood tests into a longevity indicator? Download SuperAge and discover your biological age in seconds.

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References

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4. Di Castelnuovo, A. et al. (2024). “The association between hypoalbuminemia and risk of death due to cancer and vascular disease in individuals aged 65 years and older: findings from the prospective Moli-sani cohort study.” eClinicalMedicine. DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102627
5. Lv, Y. et al. (2020). “Serum albumin and activities of daily living in Chinese centenarians.” BMC Geriatrics. DOI: 10.1186/s12877-020-01631-7
6. Arai, Y. et al. (2020). “Associations of cardiovascular biomarkers and plasma albumin with exceptional survival to the highest ages.” Nature Communications. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17636-0
7. Liu, X. et al. (2026). “Association between the uric acid-to-albumin ratio and risk of all-cause mortality in centenarians: a prospective cohort study.” Frontiers in Nutrition. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2026.1790083
8. Mamoshina, P. et al. (2018). “Population Specific Biomarkers of Human Aging: A Big Data Study Using South Korean, Canadian, and Eastern European Patient Populations.” Journals of Gerontology. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly005
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10. Brioschi, M. et al. (2022). “The Burden of Impaired Serum Albumin Antioxidant Properties and Glyco-Oxidation in Coronary Heart Disease Patients with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.” Antioxidants. DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081501

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Last updated: July 7, 2026. This article is reviewed regularly for accuracy. The information provided does not replace professional medical advice.